Commodity Forwards
Forwards are unconditional forward transactions. In contrast to spot transactions, in which physical delivery immediately follows an obligation (buying/selling a particular quantity of an underlying at a predefined price), forward transactions postpone delivery until a future date.
The difference between futures and forwards is that, in contrast to forwards, futures are traded on an exchange. Forwards are therefore more flexible than futures.
A commodity forward has a commodity as its underlying. Forwards can either be settled by physical delivery or by cash payment. Cash settlement involves a payment being made on the transaction due date. This payment corresponds to the difference between the agreed forward price and the current market price of the commodity upon maturity. If the spot price is below the futures price, the term contango
is used. If the spot price is above the futures price, the term backwardation
is used.
With the standard settings, the forward price is determined when the transaction is concluded.
To enter commodity forwards, you first need to make the required settings in Customizing for the Transaction Manager
:
The creation of financial transactions and management of positions in the Transaction Manager
is based on product types.
To create product types in Customizing, choose .
Double-click Commodity Forwards
and choose New Entries
. Enter a key for the product type (such as 80C
) and a short description. As the product category, select Commodity Forward
as well as the settlement type (Cash Settlement
by default).
In Customizing under , enter a number range for the transactions for each company code. The system uses this number range to assign a transaction number when you create a transaction.
Choose to create at least one transaction type for transaction category 100 Purchase
and one for transaction category 200 Sale
.
In addition to assigning the transactions and a number range, you can also assign a processing category here. You can use the processing categories 00101 Contract - Settlement
and 00102 Contract Without Settlement
.
Create the transaction flow types for transaction management in the Customizing activity Define Flow Types for Transaction
.
Examples:
1004 Purchase: Commodity Forward
for flow category: 50 Purchase
2004 Sale: Commodity Forward
for flow category: 51 Sale
1900 Charges
for flow category: 90 Other Flow/Condition
1310 Cash Settlement
for flow category: 31 Cash Settlement
Assign the required flow types to each transaction type in the Customizing activity Assign Flow Types to Transaction Type
. You must include all the flow types needed to process a transaction.
Make the settings for internal and external confirmation letters in the Correspondence
section. You define the possible correspondence types in the Customizing activity Define Correspondence Types
. Under Define Correspondence Activities
, specify the documents that you want to generate for each transaction type and activity category.
In the Update Types
section, define the relevant update types and assign them to the corresponding transaction types:
You define account determination for the update types in Customizing for the Transaction Manager
. To do this, choose .
You need to have created general valuation classes in Customizing for the Transaction Manager
under .
A general valuation class must be assigned to each transaction. You can define default values for the general valuation class assignment in Customizing by choosing .
Specify the steps to be taken and the order in which they are performed for the key date valuation and during the determination of derived business transactions by choosing and Assign Position Management Procedure
. You can then create a position management procedure for the position management category OTC Derivatives
.
Assign the update types required for valuation based on the position management procedure by choosing .
Assign the update types required for the derived business transactions, taking into account the position management procedure. To do this, choose .
To make the settings required for posting the relevant update types to Accounting, choose .
You need to specify the master data required for entering the financial transactions:
Make the settings for the commodity master data by choosing . See also: Commodity Master Data
Enter the business partner data. In the Derivatives
area, the business partner must be in the Counterparty
role.
You can enter purchases and sales for a commodity forward.
You can change and reverse existing financial transactions, as well as display their history.
See also: Edit Financial Transaction.
You can also generate correspondence for the financial transactions according to your Customizing settings.
Existing commodity forward purchases and sales can be valued using Key Date Valuation.
Upon maturity of the commodity forward, the payment is settled in cash.
To enter a commodity forward, proceed as follows:
In the area menu, choose .
Enter the Company Code
, Product Type
, Transaction Type
, and Partner
, and then choose Create (Enter)
.
On the Structure
tab page, enter the following data for the transaction:
Enter the Commodity ID.
For a transaction with a fixed forward price: Enter the quantity/unit, price/unit (= the agreed forward price), spot price (spot rate), and the forward date.
The Settlement
area contains the Cash Settlement
pushbutton. Cash settlement is determined upon maturity of the forward transaction.
In the Spot Price
field, enter the spot price that is valid on the payment day. The system then calculates the settlement amount and displays it in the Amount
field. You can change both the amount and the amount currency.
In the Contract Data
area, you can enter optional data such as traders
or an external reference
.
Enter the required data on the other Tab Pages.
If the functions for DCS-Based Market Data Management are activated, the system supports not only fixed prices but also average prices for commodity forwards. The system calculates an average value from DCS-based prices. The forward price is not fixed until the due date.
Customizing:
To be able to use DCS-based price determination, you need to make the settings described in the section DCS-Based Market Data Management. In addition, go to the Customizing activity Define Transaction Types
, select the desired transaction type for commodity forwards, and then, in the Commodity Forward
screen area under Price Determination
, select the value Average Price
. Also specify here whether you use only one index. If you only use one index, the system determines the prices automatically. For more information, see the documentation for the Customizing activity and in the field help.
Transaction Management:
When you create a commodity forward with DCS-based average prices, enter the quantity/unit as well as the underlying prices. If you have specified in the Customizing setting that you use only one index, make entries in the following fields: DCS ID
, MIC
, Price Type
, and Time to Maturity
. For calculation of the average, specify the start and end dates of the quotation period. If you use more than one index, choose the Average
and then enter the individual prices manually.
Before you can perform a cash settlement, you need to fix the price on the due date. For this, go to the area menu and perform the transaction Manual Interest Rate Adjustment
(TI10
) or Automatic Interest Rate Adjustment
(TJ05
).
For a front-office user (trader) with cash settlement authorization, you can specify that the cash settlement data can only be changed provided that the commodity forward has not yet been settled by the back-office user (such as the controller). For the middle-office user, you can also specify that the user can perform cash settlement at any time for a commodity swap, irrespective of whether the swap has been settled.
The field selection control settings do not apply to users with cash settlement authorization. All authorizations allow users by default to change the fields, apart from Display
and Reversal
.
For users without cash settlement authorization, the Customizing settings for field group 898
apply for the fields in the Settlement
screen area. If the user has selected Display
, the fields cannot be changed, and, consequently, a cash settlement cannot be performed.
The field selection control settings (Customizing) always relate to the input fields in the screen area for cash settlement, and not to the actual screen area or the pushbutton.